Giải và chữa chi tiết Cambridge 16 – Test 2 – Passage 3 How to make wise decisions

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. (Q27) Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.

(Q28) ‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.’

It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann. ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. (Q29) Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. (Q31) One is intellectual humilityor recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, (Q32) and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key,(Q33) along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

(Q30) Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to (Q34) look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and (Q35) when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. (Q36) The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the ‘distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.

(Q38) In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning — recognizing others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise — compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

(Q39) ‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.

(Q40) We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized “traits”,’ Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise “in general”.’

Questions 27—30

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.

  1. What point does the writer make in the first paragraph?

A   Wisdom appears to be unique to the human race.

B A basic assumption about wisdom may be wrong

C   Concepts of wisdom may depend on the society we belong to.

D   There is still much to be discovered about the nature of wisdom.

  1. What does Igor Grossmann suggest about the ability to make wise decisions?
  2. It can vary greatly from one person to another.
  3. Earlier research into it was based on unreliable
  4. The importance of certain influences on it was
  5. Various branches of psychology define it according to their own
  6. According to the third paragraph, Grossmann claims that the level of wisdom an individual shows
  7. can be greater than they think it is
  8. will be different in different circumstances.
  9. may be determined by particular aspects of their personality.
  10. should develop over time as a result of their life experiences.
  11. What is described in the fifth paragraph?
  12. a difficulty encountered when attempting to reason wisely
  13. an example of the type of person who is likely to reason wisely
  14. controversial view about the benefits of reasoning wisely
  15. a recommended strategy that can help people to reason wisely

Questions 31—35

Complete the summary using the list of words, A—J, below.

Write the correct letter, A—J, in boxes 31—35 on your answer sheet.

 The characteristics of wise reasoning

Igor Grossmann and colleagues have established four characteristics which enable us to make wise decisions. It is important to have a certain degree of 31 ……………………… regarding the extent of our knowledge, and to take into account 32 ……………………………………. which may not be the same as our own. We should also be able to take a broad 33……………………………………. of any situation. Another key characteristic is being aware of the likelihood of alterations in the way that people relate to each other.

Grossmann also believes that it is better to regard scenarios with 34…………………………………….. By avoiding the first-person perspective, we focus more on 35……………………………………. and on other moral ideals, which in turn leads to wiser decision-making.

A. opinions B. confidence C. view
D. modesty E. problems F. objectivity
G. fairness H. experience I. range
J. reasons

 

Questions 31-40

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36 – 40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                 if the statement agrees  with the information 

FALSE                if the statement contradicts the information 

NOT GIVEN       if there is no information on this

  1. Students participating in the job prospects experiment could choose one of two perspectives to
  2. Participants in the couples’ experiment were aware that they were taking part in a study about wise reasoning.
  3. In the couples experiments, the length of the couples’ relationships had an impact on the
  4. In both experiments, the participants who looked at the situation from a more detached viewpoint tended to make wiser decisions.
  5. Grossmann believes that a person’s wisdom is determined by their intelligence to only a very limited

Câu 27 – 30 – Multiple Choice

Câu hỏi + dịch nghĩa Vị trí Đáp án + Giải thích
27. What point does the writer make in the first paragraph?

Dịch nghĩa: 

Trong đoạn 1, tác giả đã đưa ra nhận định gì?

Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context. Đáp án: B

Keywords: lastest studies, ability to make wise decisions

Giải thích: 

Trong đoạn 1, tác giả cho biết việc có thể đưa ra những quyết định khôn ngoan không phải chỉ dành cho những triết gia như mọi người nghĩ. Trong các nghiên cứu cho thấy đa số chúng ta đều có thể đưa ra quyết định khôn ngoan.

28. What does Igor Grossmann suggest about the ability to make wise decisions?

Dịch nghĩa: 

Igor Grossmann đã gợi ý gì về khả năng đưa ra quyết định sang suốt?

‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. Đáp án: C

Keywords: more powerful … than imagined

Giải thích: 

Trong đoạn này, Giáo sư Igor Grossmann cho rằng những yếu tế về kinh nghiệm, tình huống và văn hóa có ảnh hướng lớn đến việc ra quyết định hơn mọi người từng nghĩ

29. According to the third paragraph, Grossmann claims that the level of wisdom an individual shows

Dịch nghĩa: 

Trong đoạn 3, Grossmann cho rằng mức độ sang suốt một người thể hiện………

‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’ Đáp án: B

Keywords: promote wisdom.

Giải thích: 

Grossmann cho rằng có những tình huống sẽ kích thích sự khôn ngoan hớn những tình huống khác.

30. What is described in the fifth paragraph?

Dịch nghĩa: 

Đoạn thứ 5 miêu tả điều gì?

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable waysto support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend.  Đáp án: D

Keywords: reliable way to support wisdom = a recommended strategy 

Giải thích: 

Grossmann và đồng nghiệp đã đứa ra 1 phương pháp có thể giúp mọi người đưa ra quyết định khôn ngoan.

3.2. Câu 30 – 35 – Summary Completion

Câu hỏi + dịch nghĩa Vị trí Đáp án + Giải thích
It is important to have a certain degree of 31 …………………… regarding the extent of our knowledge 

Dịch nghĩa:  

Chúng ta cần có 31………… về tri thức nhất định

One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge,  Đáp án: D (modesty)

Keywords: humility = modesty

Giải thích: 

Nhân tố đầu tiên để đưa ra quyết định là sự khiêm nhường về kiến thức (humility), và modesty cũng có nghĩa là khiêm nhường

and take into account 32 ………………… which may not be the same as our own.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Và tôn trọng 32……………… có thể khác với chúng ta.

and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand.  Đáp án: A (opinions)

Keywords: take into account = appreciation, perspectives = opinions

Giải thích: 

Điểm thứ 2 là việc phải tôn trọng quan điểm của mọi người. Do vậy quan điểm (perspectives) đồng nghĩa với opinions.

We should also be able to take a broad 33…………. of any situation. Another key characteristic is being aware of the likelihood of alterations in the way that people relate to each other.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Chúng ta cũng có thể có một 33……………… trong bất kỳ tình huống nào.

Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs. Đáp án: C (view)

Keywords: compromise or intergration

Giải thích: 

Trong câu này, thí sinh có thể dễ dàng nhầm lẫn vì vị trí 2 yếu tố này bị đảo ngược. Và yếu tố cần điền vào là yếu tố thứ 4 trong bài, từ compromise (thỏa hiệp), cho thấy chúng ta cần có cái nhìn tổng quan (broad view) về vấn đề.

Grossmann also believes that it is better to regard scenarios with 34…………………………………….. 

Dịch nghĩa: 

Grossmann tin rằng cần phải xem xét tất cả các tình huống với 34…………………

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Đáp án: F (objectivity)

Keywords: from a third-party perspective

Giải thích: 

Grossmann cho rằng cách đáng tin cậy nhất là nhìn nhận qua góc nhìn của người thứ 3, tức là góc nhìn khách quan (objectivity)

By avoiding the first-person perspective, we focus more on 35……………………………………. and on other moral ideals, which in turn leads to wiser decision-making.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Bằng cách tránh cách nhìn chủ quan, chúng ta sẽ chú ý hơn về 36…………….

Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality Đáp án: G (fairness)

Keywords: focus more on

Giải thích: 

Theo như nghiên cứu, khi nhìn tổng quan, chúng ta sẽ tập trung hơn về tính công bằng và không thiên vị. Vì vậy tự công bằng (fairness) đồng nghĩa với impartiality

3.2. Câu 35 – 40 – TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

Câu hỏi + dịch nghĩa Vị trí Đáp án + Giải thích
36. Students participating in the job prospects experiment could choose one of two perspectives to take.

Dịch nghĩa:  

Các sinh viên tham gia trong thí nghiệm về tiềm năng công việc có thể chọn 1 trong 2 quan điểm

The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the ‘distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.  Đáp án: False

Keywords: were instructed.

Giải thích: 

Trong nghiên cứu, các sinh viên được hướng dẫn, nên họ không thể tự ý chọn hướng nhìn mà họ thích.

37. Participants in the couples’ experiment were aware that they were taking part in a study about wise reasoning.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Những người than gia trong thí nghiệm các cặp đôi biết được họ đang tham gia vào nghiên cứu về việc đưa ra quyết định sáng suốt.

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective.  Đáp án: Not Given

Keywords: 

Giải thích: 

Trong bài, các cặp đôi chỉ được hướng dẫn và không có nhắc đến yếu tố liệu họ có được biết trước về thí nghiệm hay không.

38. In the couples experiments, the length of the couples’ relationships had an impact on the results.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Trong thí nghiệm, thời gian các cặp đôi quen nhau ảnh hưởng đến kết quả.

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Đáp án: Not Given

Keywords: 

Giải thích: 

Trong nghiên cứu, các cặp đôi chỉ được chỉ định là những cặp quen nhau lâu năm, nhưng không có yếu tố nào giữa việc quen lâu năm và kết quả của nghiên cứu.

39. In both experiments, the participants who looked at the situation from a more detached viewpoint tended to make wiser decisions.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Trong cả 2 thí nghiệm, những người tham gia nhìn từ góc nhìn khách quan hơn sẽ có xu hướng đưa ra quyết định sáng suốt hơn.

‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture,conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann. Đáp án: True

Keywords: ego-decentering, greater focus

Giải thích: 

Sau 2 thí nghiệm, các kết quả đều cho thấy nếu người khác đặt cách nhìn khách quan thì họ sẽ đưa ra quyết định sang suốt hơn.

40. Grossmann believes that a person’s wisdom is determined by their intelligence to only a very limited extent.

Dịch nghĩa: 

Grossmann tin rằng sự thông thái của 1 người bị ảnh hưởng 1 phần nhỏ từ trí tuệ của họ.

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. Đáp án: True

Keywords: only a small possible relationship

Giải thích: 

Theo nghiên cứu, Grossmann cho rằng giữa sự thông thái chỉ bị ảnh hưởng rất nhỏ từ trí tuệ.

 

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