Giải thích và chữa chi tiết Reading – Cambridge 16 Test 1

One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences

• 11 centimeters of fat underneath their skin đồng nghĩa the build-up of fat under their skin
• obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease tương ứng với thông tin various health problems. Tuy nhiên chủ ngữ là Human không phải Polar bears nên chúng ta cần đọc tiếp để tìm thông tin về Polar bears.
• polar bear experiences no such consequences. Từ “such” là để nhắc tới những hậu quả được nói bên trên nên từ đó suy ra Polar bears sẽ không gặp những vấn đề về sức khoẻ.

• comparative (a) tương đương
• Adipose tissue (n) mô mỡ
• Obese (a) béo phì
• Diabetes (n) bệnh tiểu đường
• To suffer from (v) chịu đựng

Lưu ý: 1. Các từ chỉ số nhiều trong câu hỏi như several, various thường sẽ không paraphrase bằng từ đồng nghĩa mà được liệt kê ra trong bài đọc.

2. không nên chỉ đi tìm các keyword riêng lẻ mà nên đọc hiểu toàn bộ thông tin và tập trung vào ngữ pháp của câu để tránh rơi vào bẫy.

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears

• A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues tương đương The study by Liu and colleagues
• Compared không thay đổi
• Phần thông tin sai là different groups of polar bear vì trong bài đọc thì đối tượng so sánh là polar bears và brown bears, 2 loài gấu khác nhau không phải các nhóm gấu cùng 1 loài.

• shed light on (verb): làm sáng tỏ vấn đề

A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears

Genetic structure tương ứng với genetically 

Phần thông tin không thể xác định được là “the first researcher”

Liu and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APOB, which reduces levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLS) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol

which reduces levels tương đương với control

low-density lipoproteins (LDLS) Tương đương với ‘bad’ cholesterol

Và gene APOB đồng nghĩa by genetic means

• density (noun) /ˈdensəti/: mật độ

Lưu ý: khi so sánh đơn lẻ từ control và reduce, thí sinh có thể thấy đây không phải 2 từ đồng nghĩa. Nhưng khi đặt vào ngữ cảnh, 2 từ này đểu chỉ sự chủ động thay đổi lượng cholesterol. Vì vậy các bạn nên đọc hiểu và so sánh thông tin thay vì đơn thuần tìm từ đồng/ trái nghĩa. 

Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive

six months of fasting ~ six months without food

have to keep themselves and their cubs alive ~ able to survive

Den (n) hang

fast (noun) /fɑːst/: giai đoạn nhịn ăn

where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense

their bones remain strong and dense Trái nghĩa với bones of female polar bears were very weak

Cub (n) con non dùng cho động vật hoang dã lớn

Lưu ý: câu này có nhiều thí sinh chọn đáp án True nếu chỉ dừng lại ở việc đọc đến thông tin cạn kiệt canxi và calo nhưng lưu ý chúng ta cần tìm thông tin khẳng định hoặc phủ định trực tiếp, không được tự ý suy luận. 

They discovered that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their den……If the mechanism of bone remodelling in polar bears can be understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts, could potentially benefit (Q7)

increase the density of their bones; bone remodelling ~ increasing bone density

Could also be used ~ benefit many bedridden humans, and even astronauts

Potentially ~ one day

Bedridden (n) liệt giường

Astronaut (n) phi hành gia

Remodel (n) tái cấu trúc

unintelligent = stupid

Think of = perceived as

Making used of a tool = using as a tool

Lưu ý: trong câu này các thí sinh dễ nhầm lẫn từ “branch” là từ “tool” nên sẽ không chọn từ tool điền vào chỗ trống, tuy nhiên động từ ở đây là “use as” nên điền từ tool hoàn toàn hợp lý.

Knock down = dislodge

Running and jumping onto barrels = a method

To get to = reaching

Standing on = located

Knocking ~ activity

Appeared to be = similar to

deliberate (a) cố ý

Seemingly = suggesting

Miss out on a kill = disappointed when hunting

1. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with the country even though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.

• though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids => có nhắc đến việc các đất nước khác cũng xây kim tự tháp nhưng không đủ dẫn chứng cho việc bắt chước thiết kế => loại

• there is no question that = certainty

The evolution of the pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries = less definite facts

=> chọn đáp án IV

Điều chắc chắn duy nhất là việc xây dựng pyramid bắt đầu từ Step Pyramid of Djoser.

Grand

Impressive

Evolution

Argue

There is no question that

Concern

1. Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried. For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another, progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the monuments he built.

• có nhắc tới “a king” nhưng thiếu dữ kiện “saved his people”
• “Prior to Djoser’s reign, tombs were rectangular monuments  made of dried clay”  Tới thời của Djoser: build in stone, taller, more impressive tomb => changing the design of burial structure => vii

Rectangular (a) có hình chữ nhật

Reign (n) triều đại, sự trị vì

Clay brick (n) gạch đất sét

Underground passage (n) lối đi dưới lòng đất

Deceased person (n) người đã khuất

Official (n) quan chức

Conceive (n) nghĩ ra, tạo ra

Stack (v) chồng lên, chất đống

Progressively (adv) dần dần lên trên

Owing to: bởi vì

1. The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known that the building process went through many different stages. Historian Marc Van de Mieroop comments on this, writing ‘Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the center of the complex. It had several plans … before it became the first Step Pyramid in history, piling six levels on top of one another … The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.’

• The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge = difficult task 
• the builders, who placed the stones at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up = those involved

=> chọn đáp án ii

1. When finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time. The complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long and 40 meters wide. The false doors and the trench were incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors. If someone wished to enter, he or she would have needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so proud of his accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name carved on it as well.

included a temple, courtyards, shrines, and living quarters for the priests => areas

It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters high.……..the complex to discourage unwanted visitors. => external buildings

=> chọn đáp án V

1. The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers. One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in store rooms of the pyramid’s underground passages. They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from different kinds of stone. There is no agreement among scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were placed in the tomb of Djoser or what they were supposed to represent. The archaeologist Jean-Philippe Lauer, who excavated most of the pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and then given a ‘proper burial’ by Djoser in his pyramid to honour his predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king’s burial chamber.

One of the most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in store rooms of the pyramid’s underground passages => artefacts within the pyramid

=> thông tin về các cổ vật kéo dài tiếp đến hết đoạn => chọn đáp án i

1. Unfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient robbers from finding a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past and all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves. There was enough left throughout the pyramid and its complex, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.

astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it. => incredible experience

=> chọn đáp án viii

1. Egyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara … It can be said without exaggeration that this pyramid complex constitutes a milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a whole.’ The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.

archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow => design that others copied

=> chọn đáp án vi

Was the size of = as big as

Ancient = of the past

Surrounding (a) bao quanh

A temple, courtyards, shrines = along with many other buildings and features.

Living quarters = occupied by

Occupy (v) chiếm

Long = 750 meters

Encircled = ringed

Trench (n): hào, khe

Real entrance = true opening

Đoạn B: “Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule”

Đoạn D: “Djoser was so proud of his accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s name carved on it as well.”

Đoạn F: “all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves.”

Đoạn G: “The Step Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid builders of Egypt would follow.”

=> không tìm thấy thông tin phải được thuyết phục

B. There is disagreement concerning the length of his reign.

Disagreement = 19 years, longer time

=> chọn

C. He failed to appreciate Imhotep’s part in the design of the Step Pyramid.

Failed to appreciate >< Imhotep’s name carved on it 

=> Thông tin sai

D. A few of his possessions were still in his tomb when archaeologists found it.

Few of his possessions = small number of his valuables

=> chọn

E. He criticised the design and construction of other pyramids in Egypt.

=> không tìm thấy thông tin chỉ trích

“and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside increasingly capable machines.”

“3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch to a different occupation within the next 10- 15 years””

Automation – or ‘ embodied artificial intelligence’ (AI) – is one aspect of the disruptive effects of technology on the labour market. ‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our smartphones, is another.

Dịch đáp án: những kiểu công việc sẽ bị ảnh hưởng nhiều nhất bởi sự phát triển của AI 

Keyword: job, most affected

=> không xuất hiện thông tin liệt kê các công việc bị ảnh hưởng

B. the extent to which Al will alter the nature of the work that people do.

Dịch đáp án: mức độ mà AI sẽ thay đổi bản chất của công việc mà mọi người đang làm 

Keyword: alter, nature of work

Evolve = alter

All workers will need to adapt = extent

C. the proportion of the world’s labour force who will have jobs in Al in the future.

Dịch đáp án: Tỉ lệ phần trăm lực lượng lao động sẽ có việc làm về AI trong tương lai.

Keyword: proportion, labour, have job

3-14% workforce need to switch to different occupation have job là tỉ lệ phải đổi việc không phải tỉ lệ có việc làm

D. the difference between ways that embodied and disembodied Al will impact on workers.

Dịch đáp án: sự khác biệt giữa embodied AI và disembodied AI sẽ ảnh hưởng tới người lao động

Keyword: difference, embodied, disembodied

Difference = disruptive effect v.s. Algorithms

Không tìm thấy thông tin ảnh hưởng tới người lao động

Extent: mức độc

Nature of smth: bản chất của cái gì

Adapt: thích nghi

Workforce: lực lượng lao động

Evolve: tiến hoá

Switch: đổi

Embodied AI: thuật ngữ chỉ Trí tuệ nhân tạo thể hiện có bản thể (robot)

Disembodied AI: thuật ngữ chỉ Trí tuệ nhân tạo mà không cần cơ thể vật lý (thuật toán, chatbot)

Embody: nhân hoá, hiện thân, bao gồm

Dịch đáp án: Nó có ảnh hưởng tới số lượng công việc sẵn có

Keyword: influence, number of job available

Không có thông tin

B. It is changing people’s attitudes towards their occupations.

Dịch đáp án: Nó thay đổi thái độ của mọi người với công việc của mình

Keyword: change, attitude

Không có thông tin thay đổi thái độ

C. It is the main reason why the production sector is declining.

Dịch đáp án: Nó là lý do chính tại sao lĩnh vực sản xuất đang suy giảm

Keyword: main, production, declining

dependent on data rather than on production: giảm sự phụ thuộc vào sản xuất nhưng không chỉ rõ là lý do chính

D. It is a key factor driving current developments in the workplace.

Dịch đáp án: Nó là nhân tố chính dẫn đến sự phát triển của lực lượng lao động

Keyword: key, development

Key = fundamental

Development = changes

Dependent: phụ thuộc

Sector: lĩnh vực

Fundamental: mang tính nền tảng

Algorithmication: thuật toán hoá

workers feed the algorithm with false data to reach their targets

Dịch đáp án: nhân viên không đồng ý với các gợi ý từ AI

Keyword: disagreeing

B. staff feeling resentful about the intrusion of Al in their work

Dịch đáp án: nhân viên cảm thấy ghét bỏ sự xâm phạm của AI trong công việc của họ

Keyword: resentful

“become dependent on its instructions” => loại đáp án A và B

C. staff making sure that Al produces the results that they want

Dịch đáp án: nhân viên đảm bảo AI tạo ra kết quả họ mong muốn

Keyword: results that they want

Algorithm = AI

Feed false data = ensure

Reach their targets = produces the results that they want

D. staff allowing Al to carry out tasks they ought to do themselves

Dịch đáp án: Nhân viên cho phép AI thực hiện các nhiệm vụ họ phải tự làm

Keyword: ought to do themselves

=> không tìm thấy thông tin

Target

Ought to do

AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’

‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d like to see governments seizing the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security. We can “reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure.’

Dịch đáp án: thách thức ý tưởng rằng sự thừa thãi là điều tiêu cực

Keyword: redundancy, negative

=> không tìm thấy thông tin đây là một điều tiêu cực

B. shows the profound effect of mass unemployment on society.

Dịch đáp án: chỉ ra ảnh hưởng sâu sắc của thất nghiệm diện rộng trong xã hội

Keyword: profound, mass unemployment

=> không tìm thấy thông tin về ảnh hưởng sâu sắc

C. highlights some differences between past and future job losses.

Dịch đáp án: làm nổi bật sự khác biệt giữa mất việc trong quá khứ và tương lai

Keyword: past and future

=> Không tìm thấy thông tin về sự khác biệt

D. illustrates how changes in the job market can be successfully handled.

Dịch đáp án: thể hiện cách xử lý thành công những thay đổi trong thị trường lao động 

Keyword: changes, successfully

Improve policy to enforce good job security, reprogramme the law. = how to successfully handle

Profound

Mass unemployment

Seizing the opportunity

Enforce

Leisure

Keyword: Stella, algorithmication, not

Not on production = rather than on production

Rely On = dependent

=> từ còn thiếu là data => chọn G vì là từ đồng nghĩa

working practices whereby workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions

32 …………… on the recommendations made by Al

Keyword: telecommunication, growing

Growing = become

Recommendations = instruction

=> từ cần điền vào chỗ trống là dependent

=> chọn đáp án E

Certain (a): chắc chắn, cụ thể

Campaign (n) chiến dịch

Where by: trong đó, bằng cách mà

Keyword: deterred, their own

Deterred, prevent = discouraged

Experimenting = experimentation

=> từ cần điền vào chỗ trống là human instinct

=> chọn đáp án C

Instinct (n) bản năng

Intuition (n) trực giác

Keyword: avoid, comprehend, increase

Easier to comprehend = understand

Increase = more

=> từ cần điền vào chỗ trống là trustworthy and transparent

=> chọn đáp án: F

Trustworthy (a) đáng tin

Transparent (a): minh bạch, trong suốt

Confidence (n) lòng tin

If in 30 years, half of 100 jobs are being carried out by robots, that doesn’t mean we are left with just 50 jobs for humans. The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be 150 jobs.

Greater level = half of 100 jobs

Automation = robot

Not lower employment =  left with just 50 jobs for humans

Organisations are attracted to using algorithms because they want to make choices based on what they consider is “perfect information”, as well as to reduce costs and enhance productivity.

businesses = Organisations

appealing = attracted to

Al = algorithms

several reasons = perfect information, reduce costs, enhance productivity

Appeal: hấp dẫn

Enhance: tăng cường

Productivity: năng suất

AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking at the causes of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can mean redundancies. But social policies can tackle this through retraining and redeployment.’

transform people’s live = ‘jobless future

cultural shifts = social policies

Previous eras = historically

Cultural shift:: thay đổi về văn hoá

We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control.

Be aware = fully understand

Range of problems = dilemmas

AI = this new world

dilemma: tiến thoái lưỡng nan

The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement is a thing of the past. he envisages a multistage employment life

Less conventional = traditional… is a thing in the past

Career path = full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a pensioned retirement

Pension: trợ cấp

Retirement: nghỉ hưu

Multi-stage: đa tầng

McGaughey’s findings are a call to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with bold new policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic democracy.

Authorities. = leaders of organisations, governments and banks

ensure = guarantee

adequately paid work for everyone = fair incomes 

Guarantee: bảo hành, đảm bảo

Preempt: đánh phủ đầu

Bold: táo bạo

Thrive: phát triển

Democracy: Nền dân chủ