12 THÌ TIẾNG ANH TRONG IELTS – CẤU TRÚC ĐẦY ĐỦ, CÁCH DÙNG, DẤU HIỆU & VÍ DỤ IELTS + BÀI TẬP

 

📘 1. GIỚI THIỆU

Ngữ pháp là một trong 4 tiêu chí chấm điểm của IELTS Writing & Speaking. Hiểu và sử dụng thành thạo 12 thì tiếng Anh cơ bản là bước đầu tiên giúp bạn:

• Tránh lỗi ngữ pháp cơ bản
• Trình bày ý tưởng mạch lạc, logic
• Tăng điểm Grammatical Range and Accuracy

📊 2. BẢNG TÓM TẮT 12 THÌ

Thời	Tên thì
Hiện tại	Hiện tại đơn, tiếp diễn, hoàn thành, hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Quá khứ	Quá khứ đơn, tiếp diễn, hoàn thành, hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Tương lai	Tương lai đơn, tiếp diễn, hoàn thành, hoàn thành tiếp diễn

🔍 3. PHÂN TÍCH CHI TIẾT TỪNG THÌ

Mỗi thì sẽ có:

• ✅ Cấu trúc đầy đủ: Khẳng định – Phủ định – Yes/No – WH-question
• 💡 Cách dùng chính
• 🔍 Dấu hiệu nhận biết
• 🗣️ Ví dụ Speaking (sáng tạo, tự nhiên)
• ✍️ Ví dụ Writing Task 1/2 (chính xác, học thuật)

🔹 1. Present Simple – Hiện tại đơn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + V(s/es)	She studies English.
Phủ định	S + do/does not + V	He doesn’t study French.
Yes/No	Do/Does + S + V?	Do you study every day?
WH-Question	Wh + do/does + S + V?	What time do you usually wake up?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Thói quen, sự thật, lịch trình

🔍 Dấu hiệu: always, usually, often, every day, never…

🗣️ Speaking:
I usually drink black coffee in the morning to stay focused.

✍️ Writing Task 1:
The chart shows that people prefer online shopping to physical stores.

🔹 2. Present Continuous – Hiện tại tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + am/is/are + V-ing	I am studying IELTS.
Phủ định	S + am/is/are not + V-ing	He isn’t working today.
Yes/No	Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing?	Are you reading right now?
WH-Question	What/Why + am/is/are + S + V-ing?	What are you doing?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động đang diễn ra / xu hướng

🔍 Dấu hiệu: now, right now, currently, at the moment…

🗣️ Speaking:
I’m currently working on improving my pronunciation.

✍️ Writing Task 1:
The number of online students is increasing steadily.

🔹 3. Present Perfect – Hiện tại hoàn thành

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + have/has + V3	They have finished the task.
Phủ định	S + haven’t/hasn’t + V3	She hasn’t seen that film.
Yes/No	Have/Has + S + V3?	Have you ever tried sushi?
WH-Question	Wh + have/has + S + V3?	How long have you lived here?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động đã xảy ra, có liên quan đến hiện tại

🔍 Dấu hiệu: already, yet, since, for, just, ever, never

🗣️ Speaking:
I’ve never been abroad, but I plan to travel next year.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
Technology has changed the way people communicate.

🔹 4. Present Perfect Continuous – Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + have/has been + V-ing	I have been studying for 2 hours.
Phủ định	S + haven’t/hasn’t been + V-ing	She hasn’t been working lately.
Yes/No	Have/Has + S + been + V-ing?	Have you been working hard recently?
WH-Question	Wh + have/has + S + been + V-ing?	How long have you been learning English?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Nhấn mạnh quá trình kéo dài tới hiện tại

🔍 Dấu hiệu: for, since, recently, lately, all day

🗣️ Speaking:
I’ve been practicing speaking skills every day for the last 3 months.

✍️ Writing Task 1:
The company has been expanding steadily since 2010.

🔹 5. Past Simple – Quá khứ đơn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + V2	They went to Da Nang last summer.
Phủ định	S + did not + V	I didn’t eat breakfast.
Yes/No	Did + S + V?	Did you visit the museum?
WH-Question	Wh + did + S + V?	Where did you stay?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động hoàn tất trong quá khứ, có mốc thời gian cụ thể

🔍 Dấu hiệu: yesterday, last week, in 2020, ago…

🗣️ Speaking:
I visited Hue two years ago and it was an amazing experience.

✍️ Writing Task 1:
In 2015, the number of tourists increased significantly.

🔹 6. Past Continuous – Quá khứ tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + was/were + V-ing	She was reading a book.
Phủ định	S + was/were not + V-ing	They weren’t playing football.
Yes/No	Was/Were + S + V-ing?	Were you studying at 10 p.m.?
WH-Question	Wh + was/were + S + V-ing?	What were you doing last night?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ
– Hành động bị gián đoạn

🔍 Dấu hiệu: while, when, at that time, at 9 p.m.

🗣️ Speaking:
While I was having dinner, the lights suddenly went out.

✍️ Writing Task 1:
At 8 a.m., students were attending their first class.

🔹 7. Past Perfect – Quá khứ hoàn thành

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + had + V3	I had finished my homework.
Phủ định	S + had not + V3	She hadn’t left the house yet.
Yes/No	Had + S + V3?	Had you eaten before 8 p.m.?
WH-Question	Wh + had + S + V3?	Why had you gone home early?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động quá khứ khác

🔍 Dấu hiệu: before, after, by the time, already

🗣️ Speaking:
I had never flown before I went to Australia.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
By 2010, the government had implemented the new policy.

🔹 8. Past Perfect Continuous – Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + had been + V-ing	They had been waiting for an hour.
Phủ định	S + had not been + V-ing	I hadn’t been sleeping well.
Yes/No	Had + S + been + V-ing?	Had you been studying for the test?
WH-Question	Wh + had + S + been + V-ing?	How long had he been working there?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Nhấn mạnh quá trình kéo dài trước một mốc quá khứ

🔍 Dấu hiệu: before, for, since, all day

🗣️ Speaking:
I had been working for that company before it shut down.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
The area had been suffering from pollution for decades.

🔹 9. Future Simple – Tương lai đơn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + will + V	I will call you tomorrow.
Phủ định	S + will not + V	She won’t attend the meeting.
Yes/No	Will + S + V?	Will you join us?
WH-Question	Wh + will + S + V?	When will you finish the essay?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Dự đoán, quyết định tức thì, lời hứa

🔍 Dấu hiệu: tomorrow, next week, in the future…

🗣️ Speaking:
I think I’ll go abroad after graduating.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
The population will grow to 10 million by 2030.

🔹 10. Future Continuous – Tương lai tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + will be + V-ing	I will be working all day.
Phủ định	S + will not be + V-ing	They won’t be attending the event.
Yes/No	Will + S + be + V-ing?	Will you be sleeping at 10 p.m.?
WH-Question	Wh + will + S + be + V-ing?	What will you be doing next Monday?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động đang diễn ra tại 1 thời điểm trong tương lai

🔍 Dấu hiệu: at this time tomorrow, next week, in the afternoon

🗣️ Speaking:
At this time tomorrow, I’ll be flying to Singapore.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
In 2035, more people will be working remotely.

🔹 11. Future Perfect – Tương lai hoàn thành

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + will have + V3	We will have completed the project.
Phủ định	S + will not have + V3	He won’t have finished by then.
Yes/No	Will + S + have + V3?	Will she have graduated by 2026?
WH-Question	Wh + will + S + have + V3?	When will you have moved in?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Hành động sẽ hoàn thành trước một mốc tương lai

🔍 Dấu hiệu: by + thời gian tương lai

🗣️ Speaking:
By next year, I will have lived here for a decade.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
By 2050, most fossil fuels will have been replaced.

🔹 12. Future Perfect Continuous – Tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn

✅ Cấu trúc:

Dạng	Cấu trúc	Ví dụ
Khẳng định	S + will have been + V-ing	I will have been working for 10 years.
Phủ định	S + won’t have been + V-ing	He won’t have been studying long enough.
Yes/No	Will + S + have been + V-ing?	Will you have been waiting long?
WH-Question	Wh + will + S + have been + V-ing?	How long will she have been teaching?

💡 Cách dùng:
– Nhấn mạnh quá trình đến 1 thời điểm tương lai

🔍 Dấu hiệu: by + thời gian tương lai + for/since

🗣️ Speaking:
By next month, I’ll have been studying IELTS for 6 months.

✍️ Writing Task 2:
By 2040, the country will have been facing climate issues for decades.

 

📝 BÀI TẬP NGỮ PHÁP IELTS TỔNG HỢP 12 THÌ

🔸 A. Chia động từ đúng thì

1. I usually ___ (wake) up at 6 AM.
2. She ___ (study) for IELTS at the moment.
3. They ___ (not finish) the homework yet.
4. What ___ you ___ (do) when I called you?
5. By 2025, I ___ (complete) my MBA.

🔸 B. Sửa lỗi sai

1. He is go to school now.
2. I didn’t saw her yesterday.
3. She have done her homework.
4. Are you goes to the gym?

🔸 C. Viết câu hỏi WH-question

1. I get up at 6 AM. → What time…
2. She is talking on the phone. → Who…
3. He has studied English for 2 years. → How long…

🔸D. Chia động từ đúng thì

Dựa vào ngữ cảnh và dấu hiệu để chia động từ ở đúng thì.

1. She (study) __________ for three hours.
2. When I arrived, they (wait) __________ for 20 minutes.
3. By 2025, he (work) __________ at the company for 10 years.
4. They (not finish) __________ the report yet.
5. What (you/do) __________ at 8 p.m. last night?
6. By this time next week, I (fly) __________ to Canada.
7. We (not have) __________ dinner yet.
8. He (clean) __________ his room when I called.
9. I (not see) __________ her before the meeting.
10. (you/ever/try) __________ sushi before?

🔸E. Chọn đáp án đúng (A, B, C hoặc D)

Chọn thì đúng cho câu dưới đây.

1. By the time you arrive, we ___ our dinner.
   have finished  B. had finished  C. will have finished  D. finish
2. When I called, she ___ a presentation.
   was giving  B. has given  C. gave  D. is giving
3. He ___ for 2 hours when she finally arrived.
   had waited  B. has waited  C. had been waiting  D. was waiting
4. I think robots ___ a major role in the future.
   will play  B. play  C. played  D. have played
5. This time tomorrow, I ___ to Bangkok.
   will fly  B. am flying  C. will be flying  D. have flown

🔸F. Viết lại câu giữ nghĩa (dùng đúng thì)

Viết lại câu với từ gợi ý và thì phù hợp.

1. I started learning English 5 years ago.
   → I _________________________ for 5 years.
2. She left before I arrived.
   → When I arrived, she _________________________.
3. We finished lunch, then went for a walk.
   → After we _________________________, we went for a walk.
4. He is in the middle of writing his essay.
   → He _________________________ his essay.
5. By next year, they will celebrate their 10th anniversary.
   → They _________________________ married for 10 years by next year.

🔸G. Đặt câu hỏi YES/NO & Wh-questions

Đặt câu hỏi đúng thì dựa trên phần được gạch chân.

1. She has been working here since 2020.
   → (Yes/No): _________________________?
   → (WH): _________________________?
2. They had eaten dinner before I arrived.
   → (Yes/No): _________________________?
   → (WH): _________________________?
3. He will be traveling at 10 p.m. tomorrow.
   → (Yes/No): _________________________?
   → (WH): _________________________?

✅ GỢI Ý ĐÁP ÁN

A:

1. wake
2. is studying
3. haven’t finished
4. were you doing
5. will have completed

B:

1. is going
2. didn’t see
3. has done
4. Do you go

C:

1. What time do you get up?
2. Who is she talking to?
3. How long has he studied English?

D:

1. has been studying
2. had been waiting
3. will have been working
4. haven’t finished
5. were you doing
6. will be flying
7. haven’t had
8. was cleaning
9. hadn’t seen
10. Have you ever tried

E:

1. will have finished
2. was giving
3. had been waiting
4. will play
5. will be flying

F:

1. I have been learning English for 5 years.
2. When I arrived, she had already left.
3. After we had finished lunch, we went for a walk.
4. He is writing his essay.
5. They will have been married for 10 years by next year.

G:

– Yes/No: Has she been working here since 2020?
– WH: How long has she been working here?

– Yes/No: Had they eaten dinner before you arrived?
– WH: What had they eaten before you arrived?

– Yes/No: Will he be traveling at 10 p.m. tomorrow?
– WH: What will he be doing at 10 p.m. tomorrow?